
The terminology for the major divisions of Buddhism can be confusing,
as Buddhism is variously divided by scholars and practitioners
according to geographic, historical, and philosophical criteria,
with different terms often being used in different contexts.
The following terms may be encountered
in descriptions of the major Buddhist divisions:
Early Buddhist Schools
The schools into which Buddhism became divided
in its first few centuries;
only one of these survives as an independent school, Theravada
East Asian Buddhism
A term used by scholars to cover
the Buddhist traditions of Japan, Korea, Singapore
and most of China and Vietnam
Eastern Buddhism
An alternative name used by some scholars
for East Asian Buddhism;
also sometimes used to refer to all traditional forms of Buddhism,
as distinct from Western(ized) forms.
Esoteric Buddhism
Usually considered synonymous with Vajrayana.
Some scholars have applied the term to certain practices
found within the Theravada, particularly in Cambodia.
Hinayana
A pejorative term used in Mahayana doctrine
to denigrate its opponents.
It is sometimes used to refer to the early Buddhist schools,
including the contemporary Theravada,
although the legitimacy of this is disputed.
Its use in scholarly publications is controversial.
In some Mahayana schools
the term is not perceived to be pejorative,
but is used with respect
proper to teachings coming direct from the Buddha.
The main use of the term in East Asian and Tibetan traditions
is in reference to spiritual levels
regardless of school.
Lamaism
An old term, still sometimes used,
synonymous with Tibetan Buddhism;
widely considered derogatory.
Mahayana
A movement that emerged
out of the early Buddhist schools,
together with its later descendants,
East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism.
Vajrayana traditions are sometimes listed separately.
The main use of the term
in East Asian and Tibetan traditions
is in reference to spiritual levels
regardless of school.
Mantrayana
Usually considered synonymous with Vajrayana.
The Tendai school in Japan
has been described as influenced by Mantrayana.
Northern Buddhism
An alternative term
used by some scholars for Tibetan Buddhism.
Also, an older term still sometimes used
to encompass both East Asian and Tibetan traditions.
Southeast Asian Buddhism
An alternative name used by some scholars for Theravada.
Southern Buddhism
An alternative name used by some scholars for Theravada.
Tantrayana or Tantric Buddhism
Usually considered synonymous with Vajrayana.
The tantra divisions of some editions of the Tibetan scriptures
include the Heart Sutra,
a text widely used in most East Asian traditions,
and/or versions of texts found in the Theravada scriptures.
Some scholars have used the term tantric Theravada
to refer to certain practices
found particularly in Cambodia.
Theravada
The traditional Buddhism of Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and parts of Vietnam, China, India, Bangladesh and Malaysia.
It is the only surviving representative
of the historical early Buddhist schools.
The term 'Theravada' is also sometimes used to refer
to all the early Buddhist schools.
Tibetan Buddhism
Usually understood as including the Buddhism of Tibet, Mongolia, Bhutan and parts of China, India and Russia,
which follow the Tibetan tradition.
Vajrayana
A movement that developed out of Indian Mahayana,
together with its later descendants.
There is some disagreement on exactly which traditions fall
into this category.
Tibetan Buddhism is universally recognized as falling
under this heading;
many also include also the Japanese Shingon school.
Some scholars also apply the term
to the Korean milgyo tradition,
which is not a separate school.
One scholar says,
"Despite the efforts of generations of Buddhist thinkers,
it remains exceedingly difficult
to identify precisely what it is
that sets the Vajrayana apart."